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Selected References

Section 1
Identification of Genetic Modifiers of Cancer Susceptibility

1. Balmain, A. and Nagase, H., (1998) Cancer resistance genes in mice: models for the study of tumour modifiers, Trends in Genetics, 14, 139-44,
2. Nagase, H; Bryson, S.; Cordell, H.; Kemp, C.J.; Fee, F. and Balmain, A., (1995) Distinct genetic loci control development of benign and malignant tumours in mice, Nat Genet (4):424-9
3. A subset of skin tumor modifier loci determines survival time of tumor-bearing mice. (1999) Nagase H, J-H.Mao and A.Balmain.: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Dec 21;96(26):15032-7.
4. Frame,S. and Balmain, A. (2000) Integration of positive and negative growth signals during ras pathway activation in vivo Curr Op.Genet Dev., 10(1): 106-113 (2000)
5. Nagase, H., Mao, J., de Koning, J., Minami, T., and Balmain, A., Epistatic interactions between skin tumor modifier loci in interspecific (spretus/musculus) backcross mice. Advances in Brief - Cancer Research, 61(4):1305-8 (2001)

Section 2
Transgenic and Knock-out Models for Multistage Cancer Development

1. Brown, K., Quintanilla, M., Ramsden, M., Kerr, I.B., Young, S. and Balmain, A. The viral ras genes of Harvey- and Baib-murine sarcoma viruses can act as initiators of two stage mouse skin carcinogenesis. Cell 46, 447-456 (1986).
2. Quintanilla, M., Brown, K., Ramsden, M. and Balmain, A. Carcinogen-specific mutation and amplification of the ras^H gene during mouse skin carcinogenesis. Nature 322, 78-80 (1986).
3. Bremner, R. and Balmain, A. Genetic changes in skin tumour progression: correlation between the presence of a mutant H-ras gene and loss of heterozygosity on mouse chromosome 7. Cell 61, 407-417 (1990).
4. Buchmann, A., Ruggieri, B., Klein-Szanto, A. and Balmain, A. Conversion of squamous carcinoma cells to spindle carcinomas: a discrete step in mouse skin tumor progression associated with imbalance of H-ras alleles on mouse chromosome Cancer Res. 51, 4097-4101 (1991).
5. Bailleul, B., Surani, M.A., White, S., Barton, S.G., Brown, K., Blessing, M., Jorcano, J. and Balmain, A. Skin hyperkeratosis and papilloma formation in transgenic mice expressing a ras oncogene from a suprabasal keratin promoter. Cell, 62, 697-708 (1990).
6. Brown, K., Strathdee, D., Bryson, S., Lambie, W., Balmain, A. The malignant capacity of skin tumours induced by expression of a mutant H-ras transgene depends on the cell type targeted. Curr Biol 8:516-24 (1998)
7. Kemp, C.J., Donehower, L.A., Bradley, A and Balmain, A. Reduction of p53 gene dosage does not increase initiation or promotion but greatly enhances malignant progression of chemically induced skin tumours. Cell 74, 813-822 (1993).
8. Kemp, C.J., Wheldon, T. and Balmain, A. p53 deficient mice are extremely susceptible to radiation-induced tumorigenesis. Nature Genetics 8:66-69 (1994).
9. Linardopoulos, S., Street, A.J., Quelle, D.E., Parry, D., Peters, G., Sherr, C.J., and Balmain, A. Deletion and altered regulation of p16^INK4a and p15^INK4b in undifferentiated mouse skin tumours. Cancer Research 55:5168-5172 (1995).

Section 3
Genetic Alterations and Biological Changes During Tumor Invasion and Metastasis

a. A Genetic Basis for Tumor Invasion and Metastasis

1. Burns, P.A., Kemp, C.J., Gannon, J., Lane, D.P., Bremner, R. and Balmain A., Loss of heterozygosity and mutational alterations of the p53 gene in skin tumours from interspecific hybrid mice. Oncogene, 6(12), 2363-2369 (1991)
2. Buchmann, A., Ruggieri, B., Klein-Szanto, A. and Balmain, A. Conversion of squamous carcinoma cells to spindle carcinomas: a discrete step in mouse skin tumor progression associated with imbalance of H-ras alleles on mouse chromosome Cancer Res. 51, 4097-4101 (1991).
3. Stoler, A.B., Stenback, F. and Balmain, A., The conversion of mouse skin squamous cell carcinomas to spindle cell carcinomas is a recessive event. J. Cell Biol., 122(5): 1103-1117 (1993)
4. Linardopoulos, S., Street, A.J., Quelle, D.E., Parry, D., Peters, G., Sherr, C.J., and Balmain, A., Deletion and altered regulation of p16^INK4a and p15^INK4b in undifferentiated mouse skin tumours. Cancer Research, 55(22):5168-5172 (1995)
5. Frame, S. and Balmain, A., Integration of positive and negative growth signals during ras pathway activiation in vivo, Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 10(1): 106-113 (2000)

Section 3
Genetic Alterations and Biological Changes During Tumor Invasion and Metastasis

b. The Role of Transforming Growth Factor beta in Tumor Suppression and Tumor Progression

1. Akhurst, R.J., Fee, F. and Balmain, A., Localized production of TGF-beta mRNA in tumour promoter-stimulated mouse epidermis. Nature, 331(6154): 363-365 (1988)
2. Haddow, S., Fowlis, D.J., Parkinson, K., Akhurst, R.J. and Balmain, A., Loss of growth control by TGF-beta occurs at a late stage of mouse skin carcinogenesis and is independent of ras gene activation. Oncogene, 6(8), 1465-1470 (1991)
3. Fowlis, D.J., Flanders, K.C., Duffie, E., Balmain, A., and Akhurst, R.J., Discordant transforming growth factor beta1 RNA and protein localization during chemical carcinogenesis in skin. Cell Growth and Differ, 3(2):81-91 (1992)
4. Cui, W., Kemp, C.J., Duffie, E., Balmain, A., and Akhurst, R.J., Lack of transforming growth factor-beta1 expression in benign skin tumours of p53 null mice is prognostic for a high risk of malignant conversion. Cancer Research, 54(22):5831-5836 (1994)
5. Cui, W.; Fowlis, D.J.; Cousins, F.M.; Duffie, E.; Bryson, S.; Balmain, A.; Akhurst, R.J., (1995) Concerted action of TGF-beta 1 and its type II receptor in control of epidermal homeostatis in transgenic mice, Genes Dev;9(8);945-55
6. Cui, W.; DFowlis, D.J.; Bryson, S.; Duffie, E.; Ireland, H.; Balmain, A.; Akhurst, R.J., (1996) TGFbeta1 inhibits the formation of benign skin tumors, but enhances the progression to invasive spindle carcinomas in transgenic mice, Cell; 86(4):531-42
7. Fowlis, D., Cui, W., Johnson, S.A., Balmain, A., Akhurst, R.J., Altered epidermal cell growth control in vivo by inducible expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 in the skin of transgenic mice. Cell Growth and Differentiation, 7(5):679-87 (1996)
8. Portella, G.; Cumming, S.A.; Liddell, J.; Cui, W.; Ireland, H.; Akhurst, R. and Balmain, A, (1998) TGF-beta is essential for spindle cell conversion of mouse skin carcinoma in vivo: Implications for tumour invasion, Cell Growth Differ 9:393-404,
9. Akhurst,R.J. and Balmain,A., Genetic events and the role of TGF beta in tumour progression. J.Pathol, 187(1):82-90 (1999)
10. Petritsch,C, Beug,H., Balmain, A., and Oft, M.(2000) TGF-beta inhibits p70S6 Kinase via Protein Phosphatase 2A to induced G1 arrest, Genes Dev., 14(24):3093-101 (2000)